The Protocols, caught copying Joly
The Protocols were not written; they were plagiarised. Maurice Joly’s 1864 satire of Napoleon III, set passage by passage against the forgery that stole from it.
The press as the god Vishnu’s hundred arms
Like the God Vishnu, my press will have a hundred arms, and these arms will give their hands to all the different shades of opinion throughout the country.
open Dialogue 12 in the original ↗These newspapers, like the Indian god Vishnu, will be possessed of hundreds of hands, each of which will be feeling the pulse of varying public opinion.
open Protocol 12 in the original ↗Joly’s 1864 metaphor for a press that secretly serves one master, lifted wholesale.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
Government as Vishnu — a hand on every spring
Now I understand the figure of the god Vishnu; you have a hundred arms like the Indian idol, and each of your fingers touches a spring.
open Dialogue 17 in the original ↗Our Government will resemble the Hindu god Vishnu. Each of our hundred hands will hold one spring of the social machinery of State.
open Protocol 17 in the original ↗Joly has Montesquieu describe Napoleon III’s machine; the forger puts the same image in the conspirators’ mouths.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
The arithmetic of state loans
Thus, if a loan is at 5 per cent., the State, after 20 years, has paid out a sum equal to the borrowed capital. When 40 years have expired it has paid double, after 60 years triple: yet it remains debtor for the entire capital sum.
open Dialogue 20 in the original ↗If a loan is at 5 per cent., then in 20 years the Government will have unnecessarily paid out a sum equal to that of the loan in order to cover the percentage. In 40 years it will have paid twice, and in 60 thrice that amount, but the loan will still remain as an unpaid debt.
open Protocol 20 in the original ↗The same financial arithmetic, almost word for word — double at 40 years, triple at 60, still owing the principal.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
Right lies in might
What restrains those beasts of prey which they call men from attacking one another? Brute unrestrained Force in the first stages of social life, then the Law, that is still force regulated by forms. You have consulted all historical sources; everywhere might precedes right.
open Dialogue 1 in the original ↗What restrained the wild beasts of prey which we call men? In the first stages of social life they submitted to brute and blind force, then to law, which in reality is the same force, only masked. From this I am led to deduct that by the law of nature right lies in might.
open Protocol 1 in the original ↗Joly’s Machiavelli on the basis of power, transcribed almost verbatim into the opening Protocol.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
Men are ruled by force, not reason
Among mankind the evil instinct is mightier than the good. Fear and Force have more empire over him than reason. Every man aims at domination; not one but would be an oppressor if he could.
open Dialogue 1 in the original ↗It must be noted that people with corrupt instincts are more numerous than those of noble instinct. Therefore in governing the world the best results are obtained by means of violence and intimidation. Every man aims at power; everyone would like to become a dictator if he only could.
open Protocol 1 in the original ↗The opening anthropology of despotism, taken straight from Joly.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
The press as a secret brotherhood
You must know that journalism is a sort of Freemasonry; those who live by it are bound to one another by the ties of professional discretion; like the augurs of old, they do not lightly divulge the secret of their oracles.
open Dialogue 12 in the original ↗Already there exists in French journalism a system of Masonic understanding for giving countersigns. All organs of the Press are tied by mutual professional secrets in the manner of the ancient oracles.
open Protocol 12 in the original ↗Even Joly’s simile of journalists as secret “augurs” survives the copy.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
Contempt for the servile masses
You do not know the unbounded meanness of the peoples — grovelling before force, pitiless towards the weak, patient to the point of martyrdom under the violence of an audacious despotism — giving themselves masters whom they pardon for deeds for the least of which they would have beheaded twenty constitutional kings.
open Dialogue 4 in the original ↗In their intense meanness the Christian peoples help our independence — pitiless towards the weak, patient to the degree of martyrdom in bearing with the violence of an audacious despotism. At the hands of their present dictators they endure abuses for the smallest of which they would have murdered twenty kings.
open Protocol 3 in the original ↗The whole sentence is Joly’s: “the violence of an audacious despotism” is copied word for word, and his “unbounded meanness of the peoples” becomes “intense meanness the Christian peoples” — the same clause, but the generic masses are now defined by religion, turning a satire on despotism into a charge against the Jews.
Identified by Philip Graves, Norman Cohn
Scholarship
- Philip Graves, “The Truth about ‘The Protocols’: A Literary Forgery,” The Times (16–18 Aug 1921)
- Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (1967): ~160 passages, two-fifths of the text, plagiarised from Joly
- 1935 Berne trial, A Swiss court ruled the Protocols a forgery and plagiarism of Joly (reversed on a technicality in 1937, not on the merits).
- USHMM, Holocaust Encyclopedia: “There is no mention of Jews in Dialogue in Hell.”
- Cesare De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript (2004): the forgery is attributed to the Tsarist Okhrana, though the named drafter is disputed.
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a proven forgery. It is reproduced here only to document, for criticism and education, how its conspiracy structure was recycled.